Challenges to NGO Development in Modern Russia: The Plight of Socially Oriented Organizations in a Post-Soviet Hybrid Regime

Abstract:

This thesis investigates the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) providing social services in modern-day Russia. Through an overview and critique of hybrid regime and civil society theory, it creates a space for the discussion and analysis of the legitimate role of civil society in nondemocratic regimes. Then, it draws upon interview and ethnographic data to present the argument that socially-oriented NGOs (SONGOs) in Russia play a significant role independent of the government, though beneficial for both the government and the general public. This thesis challenges the notion that Russian NGOs’ main challenges result from government repression and co-optation, highlighting challenges outside of this dynamic that have hindered growth and necessitated innovative, citizen-led development strategies. It investigates a state-society relationship between SONGOs and the Russian government characterized by mutual benefit, despite difficulties caused by a lack of knowledge and experience within both parties.